Molecular Formula
1.Anhydrous: \(\text{NaBO}_3\)
2.Tetrahydrate (common commercial form): \(\text{NaBO}_3 \cdot 4\text{H}_2\text{O}\)
3.Contains the perborate ion (\(\text{BO}_3^-\)), which acts as a stable oxidizing agent due to its peroxide-like structure (\(\text{-O-O-}\)).
Reactivity
Decomposition:
1.Upon heating above 60°C, the tetrahydrate loses water to form the anhydrous salt.
2.In acidic conditions, it reacts to release hydrogen peroxide (\(\text{H}_2\text{O}_2\)) and boric acid (\(\text{H}_3\text{BO}_3\)):\(\text{NaBO}_3 \cdot 4\text{H}_2\text{O} + 2\text{H}^+ \rightarrow \text{Na}^+ + \text{H}_3\text{BO}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O}_2 + 3\text{H}_2\text{O}\)
3.In alkaline solutions, it remains stable, making it useful in laundry detergents and bleaches.
Oxidizing Properties:
1.Releases active oxygen (\([\text{O}]\)) during decomposition, acting as a bleaching agent for textiles, paper, and pulp.
2.Reacts with organic compounds (e.g., stains, dyes) through oxidation.
Hazardous Reactions
1.Avoid contact with acids, reducing agents, or combustible materials, as it may cause fire or release toxic gases (e.g., oxygen in confined spaces).
2.Reacts violently with strong acids, producing hydrogen peroxide which may decompose explosively under heat.
Stability
1.Stable under normal storage conditions but sensitive to moisture and temperature.
2.Hygroscopic in high humidity, leading to caking in solid form.
Physical Properties
|
Property |
Anhydrous Sodium Perborate |
Sodium Perborate Tetrahydrate |
|
Appearance |
White crystalline powder |
White granular or crystalline powder |
|
Odor |
Odorless |
Odorless |
|
Melting Point |
Decomposes above 300°C |
Decomposes above 60°C (loses water) |
|
Solubility |
Sparingly soluble in cold water |
Moderately soluble in water (~40 g/L at 20°C) |
|
Density |
~2.27 g/cm³ (anhydrous) |
~1.73 g/cm³ (tetrahydrate) |
|
pH of Aqueous Solution |
Alkaline (pH ~9–10) |
Alkaline (pH ~9–10) |
|
Hygroscopicity |
Moderately hygroscopic |
Hygroscopic (absorbs moisture slowly) |
|
State at Room Temperature |
Solid |
Solid |
Key Characteristics
Oxidizing Agent: Classified as a UN 1479 Oxidizing Solid due to its ability to enhance combustion of other materials.
Bleaching Action: Releases oxygen slowly in aqueous solutions, making it a mild, stable bleach for household and industrial uses.
Granular Structure: The tetrahydrate form is often processed into granules to reduce dust and improve handling safety.
Applications Influenced by Properties
Laundry Detergents: Stable in alkaline conditions, provides slow-release bleaching.
Textile/Paper Industry: Oxidizes dyes and stains for whitening.
Water Treatment: Oxidizes organic pollutants or acts as a disinfectant.
Safety Note: As a UN 1479 substance, it requires proper storage away from flammables and moisture, and handling with protective equipment to avoid eye/skin contact.
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